One possible way might be sudo -E rustup whatever (-E flag commands sudo to inherit executer's environemt) but why do you need to run rustup as superuser?
It is intended to be run as user and I cant imagine any scenario where you need to use it as root.
If you are trying to globally install things with rustup what you can do is
Either add you rust installation folder to PATH variable in /etc/environment file for you give user permissions to /usr/local/bin or anything like that and link installed thing there using ln -s
You may damage your Rust installation if you use rustup with sudo.
Rustup installs Rust per user (i.e. for you only, not system-wide, not for root). If you use sudo to impersonate root or another user, and make it change your personal Rust install, it will screw up permissions of your personal Rust installation and it will no longer be usable by you.