Some strange syntax

help
#1

Could anybody help to explain some syntax?

The trait could be inherited?

pub trait ToSocketAddrs: sealed::ToSocketAddrsPriv {}

What does .. mean here?

            (&self[..]).to_socket_addrs()
#2

That's the built in way to create a RangeFull.

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
├────────────────────┤
         [..]

It's akin to

  • Range (2..4)
    0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
      ├──┤
     [2..4]
  • RangeFrom (2..)
    0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
      ├──────────────┤
           [2..]
  • RangeTo (..3)
    0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
├─────┤
 [..3]
  • RangeInclusive (2..=3)
    0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
      ├──┤
     [..=3]
  • RangeToInclusive (..=3)
    0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
├────────┤
  [..=3]

It's generally used as a kind of index. In this case it is, and it means to index all of the items in self.

Generally, RangeFull is replaced with just a borrow instead of an index since because of deref rules these two lines are equal:

let x: &[u8] = &my_vec[..];
let y: &[u8] = &my_vec;
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#3

Thanks. And I am also confused about || {} syntax?
What does it return? It's also associated with thread and generator.
And could the || use some arguments? i.e. |x, y|?

Why the official rust book do not mention such function literal?

How to identify the function as Fn, FnOnce or FnMut?

#4

The rust book has a whole chapter on that:

https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch13-01-closures.html

#5

Thanks. I see now.

#6

How about this? Anybody?

#7

This is not an inheritance, although the concept is similar.

The syntax trait A: B is, in some sence, a sugar for trait A where Self: B. It means "this trait can be implemented only on types which also implement B". Sometimes it's useful to think other way round: "on every type implementing this trait, trait B will always be implemented to"; that's the reason why you can require T: A in generic function and then call methods of B.

In this case, this seems to be used as a small hack to achieve so-called "sealed trait" functionality. The sealed module is probably private, so the trait sealed::ToSocketAddrsPriv cannot be named by anyone outside the library, and hence cannot be implemented. As a result, it's impossible to implement ToSocketAddrs from outside, too - only the owner can do this.

#8

Thanks. Why the rust book do not mention this topic?

#9

Supertraits are covered later in The Book under "Advanced Features" - "Advanced Traits": https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-03-advanced-traits.html#using-supertraits-to-require-one-traits-functionality-within-another-trait

2 Likes
#10

Thanks. :slight_smile:

#11

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