Linking with `avr-gcc` failed: exit code: 1

1

background:

in avr-hal template app, use cc-rs compile arduino api to static archive, use bindgen export those apis, then I can use those apis in rust project.

problem:

error: linking with avr-gcc failed: exit code: 1
|
= note: "avr-gcc" "-mmcu=atmega328p" "C:\Users\atmel\AppData\Local\Temp\rustc1tjpKG\symbols.o" "D:\home\atmel\temp\arduino-cross\abc\target\avr-atmega328p\debug\deps\abc-107fcf5e3cc83643.arduino_hal-4188a2b374ff51cb.arduino_hal.925376be7d49da03-cgu.0.rcgu.o.rcgu.o" "-Wl,--as-needed" "-L" "D:\home\atmel\temp\arduino-cross\abc\target\avr-atmega328p\debug\deps" "-L" "D:\home\atmel\temp\arduino-cross\abc\target\debug\deps" "-L" "D:\home\atmel\temp\arduino-cross\abc\arduino-lib\packages\arduino\hardware\avr\1.8.6\cores\arduino\uno" "-L" "C:\Users\atmel\.rustup\toolchains\nightly-2023-12-28-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc\lib\rustlib\avr-atmega328p\lib" "-Wl,-Bstatic" "-lcore_s" "-lcore_c" "-lcore_cpp" "-lexternal_cpp" "-Wl,-Bdynamic" "-lgcc" "-Wl,-z,noexecstack" "-L" "C:\Users\atmel\.rustup\toolchains\nightly-2023-12-28-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc\lib\rustlib\avr-atmega328p\lib" "-o" "D:\home\atmel\temp\arduino-cross\abc\target\avr-atmega328p\debug\deps\abc-107fcf5e3cc83643.elf" "-Wl,--gc-sections" "-no-pie"
= note: c:/users/atmel/appdata/local/arduino15/packages/arduino/tools/avr-gcc/7.3.0-atmel3.6.1-arduino7/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/bin/ld.exe: 2c37ec98d4728a37-wiring_digital.o: plugin needed to handle lto object
c:/users/atmel/appdata/local/arduino15/packages/arduino/tools/avr-gcc/7.3.0-atmel3.6.1-arduino7/bin/../lib/gcc/avr/7.3.0/../../../../avr/bin/ld.exe: 2c37ec98d4728a37-WMath.o: plugin
needed to handle lto object
C:\Users\atmel\AppData\Local\Temp\ccwIJprK.ltrans0.ltrans.o: In function __vector_11': <artificial>:(.text+0x100): undefined reference to digitalWrite'
:(.text+0x172): undefined reference to `digitalWrite'
collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status

= note: some extern functions couldn't be found; some native libraries may need to be installed or have their path specified
= note: use the -l flag to specify native libraries to link
= note: use the cargo:rustc-link-lib directive to specify the native libraries to link with Cargo (see Build Scripts - The Cargo Book)

more info

the report tell me that can not find digitalWrite. but I have found it in the outputed archive:

atmel@atmel-PC MINGW64 /d/home/atmel/temp/arduino-cross/abc/arduino-lib/packages/arduino/hardware/avr/1.8.6/cores/arduino/uno (main)
$ llvm-objdump -t libcore_c.a | grep -i digitalwrite
00000000 l    d  .gnu.lto_digitalWrite.49ad5d90 00000000 .gnu.lto_digitalWrite.49ad5d90

pls help me solve it.

2

I have solved it. the cause of the problem is:

  1. Compile object and final app using the "-lto"
  2. each module is packaged into an independent archive

so I need to archive all modules object into one archive, then link the archive to the fianll app.

3

This topic was automatically closed 90 days after the last reply. We invite you to open a new topic if you have further questions or comments.