How to implement bitwise operations for generic trait types?

embedded
1

I'm trying to implement a trait to access CPU registers and get/set their distinct fields.

pub trait ReadWrite<T: Copy> {

    // #[inline]
    fn get(&self) -> T;

    // #[inline]
    fn set(&self, value: T);

    #[inline]
    fn get_field(&self, field_attr: (u8, u8)) -> T {
        let mask = ((1 << field_attr.1) - 1) << field_attr.0;
        (self.get() & mask) >> field_attr.0
    }
}

And I define registers as

pub struct MpidrEl1;

pub mod mpidr_el1 {

    pub enum Field {
        Aff0,
        Aff1,
        Aff2,
        MT,
        U,
        Aff3
    }
}

impl ReadWrite<u64> for MpidrEl1 {

    #[inline]
    fn get(&self) -> u64 {
        let r: u64;
        unsafe {
            asm!("mrs $0, mpidr_el1":"=r"(r):::"volatile")
        }
        r
    }

    #[inline]
    fn set(&self, value: u64) {
        unsafe {
            asm!("msr mpidr_el1, $0"::"r"(value)::"volatile")
        }
    }

    fn field_attr(field: mpidr_el1::Field) -> (u8, u8) {
        match field {
            mpidr_el1::Field::Aff0 => (0, 8),
            mpidr_el1::Field::Aff1 => (8, 8),
            mpidr_el1::Field::Aff2 => (16, 8),
            mpidr_el1::Field::MT => (24, 1),
            mpidr_el1::Field::U => (30, 1),
            mpidr_el1::Field::Aff3 => (32, 8)
        }
    }
}

First, when I tried to complile I was getting an error:

   |
33 |         (self.get() & mask) >> field_attr.0
   |          ---------- ^ ---- {integer}
   |          |
   |          T
   |
   = note: `T` might need a bound for `std::ops::BitAnd`

Okay, I added

use core::ops::BitAnd;

pub trait ReadWrite<T: Copy + BitAnd> {
    // . . .
}

This has caused the next errors:

error[E0308]: mismatched types
  --> lib/register/src/cpu.rs:33:23
   |
33 |         (self.get() & mask) >> field_attr.0
   |                       ^^^^ expected type parameter, found integer
   |
   = note: expected type `T`
              found type `{integer}`
   = help: type parameters must be constrained to match other types
   = note: for more information, visit https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch10-02-traits.html#traits-as-parameters

error[E0369]: binary operation `>>` cannot be applied to type `<T as core::ops::BitAnd>::Output`
  --> lib/register/src/cpu.rs:33:29
   |
33 |         (self.get() & mask) >> field_attr.0
   |         ------------------- ^^ ------------ u8
   |         |
   |         <T as core::ops::BitAnd>::Output
   |
   = note: an implementation of `std::ops::Shr` might be missing for `<T as core::ops::BitAnd>::Output`

Adding core::ops::{Shl, Shr} didn't help. Error says:

binary operation `>>` cannot be applied to type `<T as core::ops::BitAnd>::Output`

Well, I don't understand where it takes me and how to resolve it. I tought integer types implement all that bitwise operations by default. But I guess the problem is that T generic is not treated as integer only type. Could you please explain why it doesn't work and the proper way of doing such things?
Thanks in advance!

2

Each binary operator traits can be parameterized by all three types: operand types (left and right-hand sides) and the result type.
For example, L: Shl<R, Output = O> means l << r has type O for l of type L and r of type R. R can be omitted and defaults to L.

In (self.get() & mask), mask has undetermined integer literal type. & operator cannot be applied to this and T. Probably what you want is to make mask to be the same type as T. To represent this generically, let's add T: From<u8> and rewrite all literal 1s to T::from(1). Now, add the T: BitAnd<Output = T> bound to calculate & operator. Don't forget to specify the Output type.
Now, you have to add bounds for the shift operators (left shift and right shift). Notice that the right-hand sides of the shift operations are type u8. What bounds you have to specify?

1 Like
3

Thank you very much for the explanation!
I changed the trait

use core::ops::{BitAnd, Shl, Shr, Sub};

pub trait ReadWrite<T>
where T:
    Copy +
    From<u8> +
    BitAnd<Output = T> +
    Shl<Output = T> +
    Shr<Output = T> +
    Sub<Output = T>
{

    // #[inline]
    fn get(&self) -> T;

    // #[inline]
    fn set(&self, value: T);

    #[inline]
    fn get_field(&self, field_attr: (u8, u8)) -> T {
        let field_start = T::from(field_attr.0);
        let field_size = T::from(field_attr.1);
        let mask = ((T::from(1) << field_size) - T::from(1)) << field_start;
        (self.get() & mask) >> field_start
    }
}

and it compiles now

4

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